HTLV-1 and -2 infection have been described in people with HIV-1, Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection (73). HTLV co-infections are more common than assumed, since HTLV infection is not routinely tested for in people who are diagnosed with other blood-borne/sexually transmissible infections (74, 75). It is estimated that rates of …
I am indebted to Dr Graham Nielsen for commenting on and proof reading the manuscript.
Poiesz BJ, Ruscette FW, Gazdar AF, Bunn PA, Minna JD, Gallo RC. Detection and isolation of type C retrovirus particles from fresh and cultured cells of a patient with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1980;77:7415-9. Gallo RC, Willems L, Tagaya Y. Time to Go Back to the Original Name. Front Microbiol. 2017;8:1800. …
Joe Sasadeusz Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, Royal Melbourne Hospital and Infectious Diseases Unit, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne VIC Last reviewed: November 2019 Introduction Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection is an important cause of acute hepatitis, predominantly in residents of, and returned travellers from, countries where HEV infection is endemic. It has a high mortality rate …
HEV is a small non-enveloped, single-stranded RNA virus approximately 27-34 nm in diameter with a genome that is approximately 7.2 kb in length. It is the only member in the Hepeviridae family and is closely related to members of the Calicivirus family.[1] HEV was previously known as enterically-transmitted non-A, non-B hepatitis.[2] There are four recognised genotypes, which …
HEV is the most common cause of acute hepatitis and jaundice in the world, although it is uncommon in the developed world. It has been estimated to cause at least 3.3 million cases of hepatitis per year and result in approximately 70,000 deaths.[4] In endemic areas, seroprevalence rates of HEV infection range between 30-80%, usually due …
The diagnosis of HEV infection is based upon the direct detection HEV RNA in serum or stool by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or by the detection of antibodies to HEV. Serological and nucleic acid tests (qualitative and quantitative HEV RNA) currently form the basis of HEV testing and have been used for both epidemiological and …
The incubation period of HEV infection ranges from 3-8 weeks. It generally has a short prodromal phase and a symptomatic period, which is usually associated with jaundice, lasting several days to weeks. Acute HEV infection is usually self-limited, although fulminant hepatitis can develop. Case fatality averages 5% but ranges between 0-10%.[1] Chronic HEV infection does not …
A subset of patients who undergo solid organ transplantation develop chronic HEV infection as evidenced by the presence of persistently elevated transaminase levels, detectable serum HEV RNA, histologic findings compatible with chronic viral hepatitis and absence of other viral causes.[29] In one study of solid organ transplant recipients, 5% acquired HEV infection of whom half developed …
Basic sanitation is the cornerstone of HEV prevention in resource-poor countries; however standard interventions in recent outbreaks have not been successful, highlighting the need for more specific preventative measures such as vaccination.[34] Travellers to endemic areas should practise preventive measures, such as avoiding drinking water of unknown purity, eating uncooked shellfish and uncooked fruits or vegetables. …
Developing a sustainable HIV, Viral Hepatitis and Sexual Health Workforce
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