Cervical cancer is the 14th most commonly diagnosed cancer among women in Australia with an age standardised incidence rate of 6.8/100,000 in 2013 (5, 6). Almost all (99.7%) cervical cancers have HPV detected in biopsy specimens (7). Cervical cancer incidence starts to rise in women in their late 20s with 30% of cases occurring in …
The below information may be outdated, please refer to the latest Anal Cancer Screening Guidelines for People Living with HIV. Anal cancer is defined as a cancer arising either from the squamous or glandular epithelium of the anus. The vast majority are SCCs (36), with the remainder coded as adenocarcinomas, neuroendocrine neoplasm, malignant melanoma, mesenchymal …
Oropharyngeal cancer (OPC) is one of the most common head and neck squamous cell carcinomas globally (84). OPC includes cancer of the tonsils, tonsillar crypt and pillars, base of tongue and oropharynx. Traditional risk factors are smoking and excessive alcohol use (85) but in the past two decades, there is a rise in HPV-associated OPC …
Squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva (VSCC) is a rare cancer. Some are associated with HPV-related precursor lesions (vulval intraepithelial neoplasia usual type) especially those associated with HPV 16 (99). However, most cancers are not related to HPV infection. For instance, lichen sclerosus is a non-HPV related skin condition with an increased risk of development …
Vaginal cancer is extremely rare and is usually related to HPV infection (103), but may rarely be caused by melanoma, sarcoma or adenocarcinoma or be due to metastatic disease. It occurs mainly in older women and the risk is increased if there have been other HPV-related genital cancers. Screening There are no recommendations regarding screening …
Penile cancers are rare but have significant morbidity and mortality when detected in late stages. Squamous cell cancers cause over 90% of penile cancers and may be related to HPV infection or to phimosis and/or penile chronic inflammation. Incidence in the US is 0.7 per 100,000 men (106) and 0.8 per 100,000 men in Australia …
Prophylactic vaccination against HPV has been publicly funded in Australia since 2007 and three HPV vaccines are currently registered for use (Table 1). Since early 2018, the 9-valent HPV vaccine (Gardasil®9, Seqirus/Merck & Co) has been available on the National Immunisation Program (NIP) for all 9-14 year olds using a two dose schedule. For immunocompromised …
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HIV/AIDS Treatment and Care: Clinical protocols for the WHO European region [Available from: http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0004/78106/E90840.pdf. Bzhalava D, Guan P, Franceschi S, Dillner J, Clifford G. A systematic review of the prevalence of mucosal and cutaneous human papillomavirus types. Virology. 2013;445(1-2):224-31. Garland SM, Kjaer SK, Munoz N, Block SL, Brown DR, DiNubile MJ, et al. Impact and …
G. Khai Lin Huang1, Daniel P. O’Brien1,2 Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria Department of Infectious Diseases, Barwon Health, Geelong Last reviewed: November 2019 Introduction There are number of lesser-known opportunistic infections presenting in people with HIV infection that may be acquired in localised geographical regions of the world (Table 1). Disease caused by these infections may …
Opportunistic infections acquired in localised geographical regions of the world Read More »
The incidence of systemic fungal infections in people with HIV infection in high-income countries has decreased over time with improved testing for HIV infection, earlier diagnosis and the availability of antiretroviral therapy (ART) (5). While systemic infections with Cryptococcus neoformans and Pneumocystis jirovecii are well-recognised opportunistic infections in people with HIV infection, other endemic fungi …