Mark Kelly1, Rajesh Varma2 Armidale Rural and Referral Hospital, Armidale, NSW Sydney Sexual Health Centre, Sydney NSW Last reviewed: November 2019 Introduction People with HIV infection rarely traverse the full natural history of HIV disease in Australia because the great majority of them are now commenced on antiretroviral therapy (ART) shortly after diagnosis. However, knowledge …
There are four basic steps in the sexual transmission of HIV from one person to another: Contact with mucosal epithelium Uptake by dendritic cells (DCs) Transport to lymphoid tissues, such as lymph nodes and gut-associated lymphoid tissue Infection of CD4+ T cells in lymphoid tissues Following mucosal contact, HIV breaches the mucosal barrier, most likely following microtrauma, and is …
Mother-to-child transmission of HIV can occur antepartum, intrapartum or postpartum via breastfeeding. Most cases of mother-to-child transmission occur during labour. As with sexual transmission, R5-tropic viruses are more likely to be transmitted from mother to child.[47] The mechanisms underlying these observations are not completely defined. The overall risk of vertical transmission of HIV is 25-30%. …
The risk of HIV transmission by oral sex and kissing is very low. While infectious HIV may be detected in the saliva, it is present in substantially reduced quantities compared with blood or genital secretions. Furthermore, the saliva contains endogenous antiviral factors, including HIV-specific antibodies, and a number of soluble factors, such as secretory leukocyte protease …
HIV disease progression Phases of HIV disease HIV disease is characterised by three phases: acute or primary infection (often referred to as seroconversion illness or primary HIV infection syndrome), asymptomatic chronic infection and symptomatic chronic infection. The rate of progression from one phase to another is highly variable. Following transmission, HIV initially replicates in regional …
Host factors Severity of HIV disease after infection is variable. The majority of knowledge on the impact of host genetic variation on outcome of HIV-1 infection has been gained through studies of historical cohorts collected before the implementation of ART. An impact of host genetic variation on susceptibility to HIV-1 infection was identified early in …
Host and viral factors affecting disease progression Read More »
HIV superinfection occurs when a person with HIV infection becomes infected with another strain of HIV. [33,34] In contrast, HIV co-infection refers to the situation where two HIV strains are present at the time of initial infection. Dual HIV infection collectively refers to either HIV superinfection or co-infection. Dual infection is a prerequisite for genetic recombination events to …
Powers KA, Poole C, Pettifor AE, Cohen MS. Rethinking the heterosexual infectivity of HIV-1: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis 2008; 8:553-63. Kilmarx PH. Global epidemiology of HIV. Curr Opin HIV AIDS. 2009; 4:240-6. Parrish NF, Gao F, Li H et al. Phenotypic properties of transmitted founder HIV-1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U …
Developing a sustainable HIV, Viral Hepatitis and Sexual Health Workforce
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