Zaal Meher-Homji1, Rachael Purcell2, Jim Buttery2, Michelle Giles1 Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Health, VIC Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash Children’s Hospital, VIC Last reviewed: July 2019 Introduction HIV primarily affects CD4+ T cell numbers and function whilst also impacting other components of the immune system (such as macrophages, B cells and NK cells; summarised …
Corynebacterium diphtheriae and Bordetella pertussis are bacterial upper respiratory tract pathogens, whilst Clostridium tetani is a toxin producing bacteria causing muscle spasm of varied severity. These infections are not considered to be more prevalent or cause more severe disease in HIV affected persons and vaccination should be administered in accordance with routine indications, regardless of …
HBV is transmitted via exposure to infected blood and body fluids, with infection occurring via vertical (perinatal infection from mother to child), sexual, parental or percutaneous routes. 5-10% of people with HIV infection are co-infected with HBV, with long-term sequalae such as cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma occurring with increased frequency in co-infected patients (9). HBV …
Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is transmitted via faecal-oral spread and causes an acute (rarely fulminant) hepatitis. Risk factors include travel to high-risk countries, men who have sex with men (MSM) and injecting drug use. HAV infection does not appear to be associated with worse clinical outcomes in people with HIV, but has been associated with …
Human papilloma virus (HPV) is an oncovirus responsible for causing genital warts, as well as cervical, vulval, vaginal, penile, anal and oropharyngeal cancers. Whilst many HPV serotypes have been identified, HPV-6 and HPV-11 are responsible for the majority of noncancerous genital warts and HPV16 and HPV-18 are associated with 60% of HPV associated cancers (15). …
Influenza viruses cause a respiratory illness with highly variable severity, and is a common cause of hospitalization, morbidity and mortality in at-risk groups. HIV infection is associated with increased severity of influenza and greater risk of complications, comparable to that of other high-risk groups (22-24). Currently in Australia there are 2 available influenza vaccine types, …
Measles, mumps and rubella viruses cause a variety of febrile presentations, including conjunctivitis, coryza, maculopapular rash (measles, rubella) and salivary gland swelling (mumps). In HIV-infected patients, measles is associated with a higher mortality, with delayed and atypical presentations (32). The MMR vaccine contains live attenuated virus and is highly immunogenic in healthy subjects, with measles …
Neisseria meningitidis causes meningitis and bacteraemia, with a 5-24 fold increased risk for meningococcal disease among HIV-infected persons across multiple settings associated with a higher mortality (36). Currently in Australia there are increased notifications of disease caused by meningococcal serogroups W and Y across a wide range of age groups. To date there is no …
Streptococcus pneumoniae causes pneumonia and invasive disease. The rate of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) is five to forty-times higher in HIV-infected patients (39, 40), despite the use of antiretroviral therapy (41), with mortality rates ranging from 0-33% (39-41), and up to 57% in those with bacteraemia in the pre-ART era (42). Risk factors for severe …
Despite the uptake of ART, HIV-infected children have higher risks of vaccine-preventable disease than HIV-uninfected children (54, 55). Immunological impairment may result from viral replication in lymphoid tissue prior to immunological maturation and the development of protective immune responses (56). In general, infants should be immunised according to local immunisation schedules and ‘non-live’ vaccines should …
Vaccination recommendations for children with HIV infection Read More »
Developing a sustainable HIV, Viral Hepatitis and Sexual Health Workforce
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