The incidence of systemic fungal infections in people with HIV infection in high-income countries has decreased over time with improved testing for HIV infection, earlier diagnosis and the availability of antiretroviral therapy (ART) (5). While systemic infections with Cryptococcus neoformans and Pneumocystis jirovecii are well-recognised opportunistic infections in people with HIV infection, other endemic fungi …
Although not at first considered typical HIV-related opportunistic infections, endemic protozoan parasitic infection such as leishmaniasis, trypanosomiasis and malaria have increasingly become recognised as important co-infections in people with HIV infection (32). Leishmaniasis Leishmania spp. are protozoa that can cause a variety of clinical syndromes, including visceral, cutaneous and mucocutaneous forms of disease. Of particular …
Buruli ulcer Buruli ulcer (BU) is a necrotising infection of skin and soft tissue caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium ulcerans and is the third most common mycobacterial disease worldwide after tuberculosis and leprosy. It mainly affects children living in rural and remote regions of Africa but is endemic in 33 countries, including South and Central …
Salit IE, Sano M, Boggild AK, Kain KC. Travel patterns and risk behaviour of HIV-positive people travelling internationally. CMAJ. 2005;172(7):884-8. Hochberg NS, Barnett ED, Chen LH, Wilson ME, Iyer H, MacLeod WB, et al., editors. International travel by persons with medical comorbidities: understanding risks and providing advice. Mayo clinic proceedings; 2013: Elsevier. Franco-Paredes C, Hidron …
Sophia L Zagora1, Angie N Pinto2,3, Peter J McCluskey 1. 1 Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, Australia 2 Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia 3 Kirby Institute, UNSW, Sydney, Australia Last reviewed: August 2019 Introduction HIV infection and particularly HIV-induced immunodeficiency and its treatment may be complicated by a large number of ocular complications, …
HLA-B27 associated disease HIV positive individuals can get severe anterior uveitis as part of a systemic HLA-B27 related illness or as isolated HLA-B27 related ocular disease. HLA-B27 related anterior uveitis can occur as part of a HLA-B27 related reactive disease triggered by gram negative bacterial gut infection or chlamydial genito-urinary infection. Keratouveitis Varicella Zoster Virus …
CMV retinitis In the ‘pre-HAART era’, CMV retinitis affected up to 40% of people with AIDS, but usually only when CD4+ T cell counts were <50/mL (Figure 4a). Since the advent of combination antiretroviral therapy (ART), there has been a dramatic reduction in the incidence of CMV retinitis. Clinical features include floaters and decreased visual …
Pneumocystis jirovecii choroiditis This is now uncommon, as a result of the use of ART or systemic prophylactic therapy to prevent Toxoplasma infection. The choroiditis is typically bilateral, comprising yellow choroidal patches of 1/4 to 2-disc diameters in size around the posterior pole, with minimal vitritis. It is often asymptomatic. Treatment is with trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, clindamycin/primaquine …
Denniston AKO, PL M. OXford Handbook of Ophthalmology. 3rd edition ed. United Kingdom: Oxford University Press; 2014. Singalavanija T, Ausayakhun S, Tangmonkongvoragul C. Anterior segment and external ocular disorders associated with HIV infections in the era of HAART in Chiang Mai University Hospital, a prospective descriptive cross sectional study. PLoS One. 2018;13(2). Bowling B. Kanski’s …
Ian Lockart1, Trine Gulholm2, Deborah J. Marriott3, Mark Danta1,4 Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, St Vincent’s Hospital, Sydney, NSW Department of Microbiology, St Vincent’s Hospital, Sydney, NSW Departments of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, St Vincent’s Hospital, Sydney, NSW St Vincent’s Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Last reviewed: November 2019