The life cycle of a retrovirus is that of an obligatory intracellular parasite, and thus HIV cannot replicate outside of human cells. HIV binding and entry Infection of the host cell commences when HIV binds to specific receptors on the cell membrane. In general, the interaction requires the recognition of two host-cell surface-receptor proteins by …
Recent failures and successes of biomedical prevention in conjunction with studies of HIV discordant couples (ie. where one partner is HIV positive and the other HIV negative and thus at risk of acquisition of HIV infection), has led to seminal contributions which give us a greater understanding of how HIV is spread from person to …
Understanding the molecular virology of HIV infection has not only been essential for the development of antiretroviral drugs that block HIV replication but will also be crucial in the development of strategies for curing HIV infection. Present limitations on therapeutic driven cures The persistence of HIV infection in the face of antiretroviral therapy (ART) reflects …
Barre-Sinoussi, F., et al., Isolation of a T-lymphotropic retrovirus from a patient at risk for acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Science, 1983. 220(4599): p. 868-71. Gallo, R.C., et al., Isolation of human T-cell leukemia virus in acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Science, 1983. 220(4599): p. 865-7. Levy, J.A., et al., Isolation of lymphocytopathic retroviruses from …
Mark Kelly1, Rajesh Varma2 Armidale Rural and Referral Hospital, Armidale, NSW Sydney Sexual Health Centre, Sydney NSW Last reviewed: November 2019 Introduction People with HIV infection rarely traverse the full natural history of HIV disease in Australia because the great majority of them are now commenced on antiretroviral therapy (ART) shortly after diagnosis. However, knowledge …
There are four basic steps in the sexual transmission of HIV from one person to another: Contact with mucosal epithelium Uptake by dendritic cells (DCs) Transport to lymphoid tissues, such as lymph nodes and gut-associated lymphoid tissue Infection of CD4+ T cells in lymphoid tissues Following mucosal contact, HIV breaches the mucosal barrier, most likely following microtrauma, and is …
Mother-to-child transmission of HIV can occur antepartum, intrapartum or postpartum via breastfeeding. Most cases of mother-to-child transmission occur during labour. As with sexual transmission, R5-tropic viruses are more likely to be transmitted from mother to child.[47] The mechanisms underlying these observations are not completely defined. The overall risk of vertical transmission of HIV is 25-30%. …
The risk of HIV transmission by oral sex and kissing is very low. While infectious HIV may be detected in the saliva, it is present in substantially reduced quantities compared with blood or genital secretions. Furthermore, the saliva contains endogenous antiviral factors, including HIV-specific antibodies, and a number of soluble factors, such as secretory leukocyte protease …
HIV disease progression Phases of HIV disease HIV disease is characterised by three phases: acute or primary infection (often referred to as seroconversion illness or primary HIV infection syndrome), asymptomatic chronic infection and symptomatic chronic infection. The rate of progression from one phase to another is highly variable. Following transmission, HIV initially replicates in regional …
Host factors Severity of HIV disease after infection is variable. The majority of knowledge on the impact of host genetic variation on outcome of HIV-1 infection has been gained through studies of historical cohorts collected before the implementation of ART. An impact of host genetic variation on susceptibility to HIV-1 infection was identified early in …
Host and viral factors affecting disease progression Read More »
Developing a sustainable HIV, Viral Hepatitis and Sexual Health Workforce
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