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References

  1. Alford, K., Daley, S., Banerjee, S. et al. “A fog that impacts everything”: a qualitative study of health-related quality of life in people living with HIV who have cognitive impairment. Qual Life Res 31, 3019–3030 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-022-03150-x 
  2. del Palacio M, Alvarez S, Munoz-Fernandez, MA. HIV-1 infection and neurocognitive impairment in the current era. Rev Med Virol 2012; 22(1): 33-45, Jan.  
  3. Aung HL, Gates TM, Mao L, Brew BJ, Rourke SB, Cysique LA. Abnormal cognitive aging in people with HIV: evidence from data integration between two countries’ cohort studies. AIDS. 2022 Jul 1;36(8):1171-1179. doi: 10.1097/QAD.0000000000003230. Epub 2022 Apr 26. PMID: 35471252. 
  4. Heaton et al (2023). Twelve-year neurocognitive decline in HIV is associated with comorbidities, not age: a CHARTER study, Brain, Volume 146, Issue 3, 1121–1131, https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awac465      
  5. Rourke SB, Bekele T, Rachlis A, et al. Asymptomatic neurocognitive impairment is a risk for symptomatic decline over a 3-year study period. Aids. 2021; 35:63-72. 
  6. Nightingale, et al., (2023). Cognitive impairment in people living with HIV: consensus recommendations for a new approach. Nat Rev Neurol 19, 424–433. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41582-023-00813-2 
  7. Eu, B., Salleh, E., Sakko, A., Guaraldi, G. 2019. Management of human immunodeficiency virus in older people. Australian Journal of General Practice. Vol 48, Issue 7, doi: 10.31128/AJGP-08-18-4667 
  8. Guaraldi G, Brothers TD, Zona S, Stentarelli C, Carli F, Malagoli A et al (2015) A frailty index predicts survival and incident multimorbidity independent of markers of HIV disease severity. AIDS 29:1633–1641 
  9. Brain, J., Greene, L., Tang, E.Y.H., and Salter, A., et al. cardiovascular disease, associated risk factors, and risk of dementia: An umbrella review of meta-analysis. (2023). Frontiers in Epidemiology. Vol 3  https://doi.org/10.3389/fepid.2023.1095236 
  10. Cysique, L. A., Brew, B. J. (2019). Vascular cognitive impairment and HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder: a new paradigm. Journal of Neurovirology, 25(5), 710-721. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13365-018-0706-5 
  11. Leblanc, P., and Vorberg, I.M. (2022) Viruses in neurodegenerative diseases: More than just suspects in crimes. PLoS. Pathog. 18(8) doi: 10.1371/ournal.ppat.1010670 
  12. Barnes, R.P., Lacson, J.C.A. & Bahrami, H. HIV Infection and Risk of Cardiovascular Diseases Beyond Coronary Artery Disease. Curr Atheroscler Rep 19, 20 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11883-017-0652-3 
  13. Cysique, L.A., and Brew, B.J. (2023). Is neurocognitive ageing accelerated in virally suppressed people with HIV and multimorbidity? Brain, Volume 146, Issue 3, 801–802, https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awad035 
  14. Dementia Australia available at: https://www.dementia.org.au 
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  18. Antinori A, Arendt G, Becker JT, Brew BJ, Byrd DA, Cherner M, Clifford DB, Cinque P, Epstein LG, Goodkin K, Gisslen M, Grant I, Heaton RK, Joseph J. Marder K, Marra CM, McArthur JC, Nunn M, Price RW, Pulliam L, Robertson KR, Sacktor N, Valcour V, Wojna VE. Updated research nosology for HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. Neurology 2008; 69(18): 1789-99.  
  19. Robertson KR, Su Z, Margolis DM, Krambrink A, Havlir DV, Evans S, Skiest, D.J. For the A5170 Study Team.  Neurocognition effects of treatment interruption in stable HIV-positive patients in an observational cohort. Neurology 2010; 74: 1260-1266.  
  20. Skinner S, Adewale AJ, DeBlock L, Gill MJ, Power C. Neurocognitive screening tools in HIV/AIDS: comparative performance among patients exposed to antiretroviral therapy. British HIV Association HIV Medicine 2009;10; 246-252  
  21. McArthur J, Steiner J, Sacktor N, Nath A. Human immunodeficiency virus-associated neurocognitive disorders: Mind the gap. Annals of Neurology 2010; 67:699–714.  
  22. Morris, R., Alford, K and Vera, J.H. How are HIV services in the UK currently identifying and managing patients with cognitive impairment? Results of a national survey.  HIV Medicine 2023 Doi: 10.1111/hiv.13494 
  23. Sacktor NC, Wong M, Nakasujja N, Skolasky RL, Selnes OA, Musisi S, Robertson K, McArthur JC, Ronald A, Katabira E. 2005. The International HIV Dementia Scale: a new rapid screening test for HIV dementia. AIDS Sep 2; 19(13):1367-74.  
  24. Bloch M, Kamminga J, Jayewardene A, Bailey M, Carberry A, Vincent T, Quan D, Maruff P, Brew B, Cysique LA. (2016). A Screening Strategy for HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders That Accurately Identifies Patients Requiring Neurological Review. Clin Infect Dis. 2016 Sep 1; 63(5):687-693. 
  25. Achappa B, Priyadarshni S, Madi D, Bhaskaran U, Ramapuram JT, Rao, S, Chowta M, Mahalingam S.  Neurocognitive dysfunction among HIV positive patients using International HIV dementia scale. Asian Journal of Medical Sciences 2014; Oct-Nov Vol 5 Issue 4 61-64.  
  26. Atluri VSR, Kurapati KRV, Samikkannu T, Nair MPN. Biomarkers of HIV Associated Neurocognitive Disorders. JSM Biomarkers 2014; 1(1):1002.  
  27. Folstein MF, Folstein SE, McHugh PR.1975.  Mini-mental state. A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. Journal of Psychiatric Research 1975 Nov; 12(3):189-98.   
  28. Heaton RK, Clifford DB, Franklin DR Jr, Woods SP, Ake C, Vaida F, Ellis RJ, Letendre S L, Marcotte TD, Atkinson JH, Rivera-Mindt M, Vigil OR, Taylor MJ, Collier AC, Marra CM, Gelman BB, McArthur JC, Morgello S, Simpson DM, McCutchan JA, Abramson I, Gamst A, Fennema-Notestine C, Jernigan T, Wong J, Grant I. CHARTER Group. HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders persist in the era of potent antiretroviral therapy: CHARTER Study. Neurology 2010; 75(23): 2087-96.   
  29. Ellis RJ, Badiee J, Vaida F, Letendre S,  Heaton RK,   Clifford D,  Collier AC,  Gelman B, McArthur J, Morgello S, McCutchan JA,  Grant I.  CHARTER Group. CD4 nadir is a predictor of HIV neurocognitive impairment in the era of combination antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 2011;10: 25(14): 10.1097/QAD.0b013e32834a40cd, Sept 10.   
  30. Fiala M, Eshleman A J, Cashman J, et al. Cocaine increases human immunodeficiency virus type 1 neuroinvasion through remodeling brain microvascular endothelial cells. Journal of Neurovirology 2005; 11, 281–29110.1080/13550280590952835  
  31. Fabbiani, M., Ciccarelli, N., Castelli, V. et al. Hepatitis C virus–related factors associated WITH cognitive performance in HIV-HCV-coinfected patients. J. Neurovirol. 25, 866–873 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13365-019-00780-9 
  32. Bhaskaran K, Mussini C, Antinori A, Walker AS, Dorrucci M, Sabin C, Phillips A, Porter K, CASCADE Collaboration. (2008). Ann Neurol. Feb; 63(2):213-21. 
  33. Schouten J, Wit FW, Stolte IG, Kootstra NA, van der Valk M, Geerlings SE, Prins M, Reiss P; AGEhIV Cohort Study Group. Cross-sectional comparison of the prevalence of age-associated comorbidities and their risk factors between HIV-infected and uninfected individuals: the AGEhIV cohort study. Clin Infect Dis. 2014 Dec 15;59(12):1787-97. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciu701. Epub 2014 Sep 2. PMID: 25182245. 
  34. Ellis, R. J., Marquine, M. J., Kaul, M., et al. (2023). Mechanisms underlying HIV-associated cognitive impairment and emerging therapies for its management. Nature Reviews. doi:10.1038/s41582-023-00879-y. 
  35. HIV associated neurocognitive disorder. Poslife NSW. Available at: https://www.positivelifensw.org.au/up-contents/uploads/2015/04/PLNSW-HAND-Booklet.pdf 
  36. Reilly, K. J. 2022 HIV-associated Neurocognitive Disorder (HAND). 2022. Available at: https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1166894-overview 
  37. Letendre SL, FitzSimons C, Ellis RJ, Clifford D, Collier AC, Gelman B, Marra C, Macarthur J, McCutchan JA, Morgello S, Simpson D, Vaida F, Heaton R, Grant I, and the CHARTER Group. Correlates of CSF Viral Loads in 1,221 volunteers of the CHARTER cohort. 17th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, 2010.  
  38. Cystique LA, Vaida F, Letendre S, Gibson S, Cherner M, Woods SP, McCutchan JA, Heaton RK, Ellis RJ. Dynamics of cognitive change in impaired HIV-positive patients initiating antiretroviral therapy. Neurology 2009; 73(5), 342-8.  
  39. Eggers C, Arendt G, Hahn K, Husstedt IW, Maschke M, Neuen-Jacob E, Obermann M, Rosenkranz T, Schielke E, Straube E; German Association of Neuro-AIDS und Neuro-Infectiology (DGNANI). (2017). HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disorder: epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment. Journal of Neurology, Aug;264(8):1715-1727. doi: 10.1007/s00415-017-8503-2. Epub 2017 May 31.  
  40. Waldrop, D., Irwin, C, B, S, N., Nicolson, C.W., et al. (2021). The Intersection of Cognitive Ability and HIV: A Review of the State of the Nursing Science. Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care. 32(3): p 306-321 DOI: 10.1097/JNC.0000000000000232 
  41. Carroll, A & Brew, B. (2017). HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders: recent advances in pathogenesis, biomarkers, and treatment. F1000Research, 6: 312. Published online 2017 Mar 23. doi: 10.12688/f1000research.10651.1.  
  42. Panza, G.A., Taylor, B. A., MacDonald, H.V., Johnson, B.T., et al (2018). Can exercise improve cognitive symptoms of Alzheimer’s Disease? Journal of the American Geriatric Society. Vol 66, issue 3, 487-495, https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.15241 
  43. Low, LF., Purwaningrum, F. Negative stereotypes, fear, and social distance: a systematic review of depictions of dementia in popular culture in the context of stigma. BMC Geriatr 20, 477 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-020-01754-x 
  44. HIV associated neurocognitive disorder. Poslife NSW. Available at: https://www.positivelife.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/PLNSW-HAND-FriendsFamily-Booklet.pdf 

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