1. HIV/AIDS Treatment and Care: Clinical protocols for the WHO European region [Available from: http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0004/78106/E90840.pdf.
2. Bzhalava D, Guan P, Franceschi S, Dillner J, Clifford G. A systematic review of the prevalence of mucosal and cutaneous human papillomavirus types. Virology. 2013;445(1-2):224-31.
3. Garland SM, Kjaer SK, Munoz N, Block SL, Brown DR, DiNubile MJ, et al. Impact and Effectiveness of the Quadrivalent Human Papillomavirus Vaccine: A Systematic Review of 10 Years of Real-world Experience. Clin Infect Dis. 2016;63(4):519-27.
4. Ali H, Donovan B, Wand H, Read TR, Regan DG, Grulich AE, et al. Genital warts in young Australians five years into national human papillomavirus vaccination programme: national surveillance data. BMJ. 2013;346:f2032.
5. Australian Cancer Incidence and Mortality ACIM books: Cervical Cancer2017 doi20180729.
6. Australian Government. Cancer Australia. Cervical cancer statistics.  [Available from: https://cervical-cancer.canceraustralia.gov.au/statistics.
7. Walboomers J, Jacobs M, Manos M, Bosch F, Kummer J, Shah K, et al. Human papillomavirus is a necessary cause of invasive cervical cancer world-wide. J Pathol. 1999;189:12-9.
8. Ferlay J, Bray F, Pisani P, Parkin D. Globocan 2002: Cancer incidence, mortality, and prevalence worldwide: IARC Press, Lyon 2003; 2002.
9. Schiffman M, Castle PE, Jeronimo J, Rodriguez AC, Wacholder S. Human papillomavirus and cervical cancer. The Lancet. 2007;370(9590):890-907.
10. Ho Y, Bierman R, Beardsley L, Chang C, Burk R. Natural history of cervicovaginal papillomavirus infection in young women. N Engl J Med. 1998;338:423-8.
11. Woodman CBJ, Collins S, Winter H, Bailey A, Ellis J, Prior P, et al. Natural history of cervical human papillomavirus infection in young women: a longitudinal cohort study. The Lancet. 2001;357(9271):1831-6.
12. Syrjänen K, Hakama M, S SS, M MV, M MY, S Syrjänen S, et al. Prevalence, incidence, and estimated life-time risk of cervical papillomavirus infections in a nonselected Finnish female population. Sex Transm Dis. 1990;17:15-9.
13. Brown DR, Shew ML, Qadadri B, Neptune N, Vargas M, Tu W, et al. A Longitudinal Study of Genital Human Papillomavirus Infection in a Cohort of Closely Followed Adolescent Women. Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2005;191(2):182-92.
14. Koutsky L. Epidemiology of genital human papillomavirus infection. Am J Med. 1997;102(5A):3-8.
15. Bosch FX, De Sanjose S. Chapter 1: Human papillomavirus and cervical cancer–burden and assessment of causality. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr. 2003:3 – 13.
16. Rodríguez AC, Schiffman M, Herrero R, Hildesheim A, Bratti C, Sherman ME, et al. Longitudinal Study of Human Papillomavirus Persistence and Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia Grade 2/3: Critical Role of Duration of Infection. JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 2010;102(5):315-24.
17. Winer RL, Hughes JP, Feng Q, Xi LF, Cherne S, O’Reilly S, et al. EARLY NATURAL HISTORY OF INCIDENT TYPE-SPECIFIC HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS INFECTIONS IN NEWLY SEXUALLY ACTIVE YOUNG WOMEN. Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology. 2011;20(4):699-707.
18. Ronco G, Dillner J, Elfström KM, Tunesi S, Snijders PJF, Arbyn M, et al. Efficacy of HPV-based screening for prevention of invasive cervical cancer: follow-up of four European randomised controlled trials. Lancet. 2104;383(9916):524-32.
19. Khan MJ, Castle PE, Lorincz AT, Wacholder S, Sherman M, Scott DR, et al. The elevated 10-year risk of cervical precancer and cancer in women with human papillomavirus (HPV) type 16 or 18 and the possible utility of type-specific HPV testing in clinical practice. Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 2005;97(14):1072-9.
20. Schiffman M, Herrero R, DeSalle R, Hildesheim A, Wacholder S, Cecilia Rodriguez A, et al. The carcinogenicity of human papillomavirus types reflects viral evolution. Virology. 2005;337(1):76-84.
21. Khan MJ, Castle PE, Lorincz AT, Wacholder S, Sherman M, Scott DR, et al. The Elevated 10-Year Risk of Cervical Precancer and Cancer in Women With Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Type 16 or 18 and the Possible Utility of Type-Specific HPV Testing in Clinical Practice. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2005;97(14):1072-9.
22. Trottier H, Franco EL. The epidemiology of genital human papillomavirus infection. Vaccine. 2006;24(Supplement 1):S4-S15.
23. EXCCEL Experts in Cervical Cancer Education and Leadership. Sponsor GlaxoSmithKline; 2008.
24. Schiffman M, Kjaer SK. Chapter 2: Natural History of Anogenital Human Papillomavirus Infection and Neoplasia. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr. 2003;2003(31):14-9.
25. Chang A. Carcinoma in situ of the cervix and its malignant potential. A lesson from New Zealand. Cytopathology. 1990;1:321-8.
26. Kinlen L, Spriggs A. Women with positive smears but without surgical intervention. A follow-up study. Lancet. 1978;2:463-5.
27. Burd EM. Human Papillomavirus and Cervical Cancer. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2003;16(1):1-17.
28. Kjaer S, Brinton L. Adenocarcinomas of the uterine cervix: the epidemiology of an increasing problem

Epidemiol Rev. 1993;15:486-91

29. Smith HO, Tiffany MF, Qualls CR, Key CR. The Rising Incidence of Adenocarcinoma Relative to Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Uterine Cervix in the United States–A 24-Year Population-Based Study. Gynecologic Oncology. 2000;78(2):97-105.
30. Smith JS, Lindsay L, Hoots B, Keys J, Franceschi S, Winer R, et al. Human papillomavirus type distribution in invasive cervical cancer and high-grade cervical lesions: A meta-analysis update. International Journal of Cancer. 2007;121(3):621-32.
31. Altekruse SF, Lacey Jr JV, Brinton LA, Gravitt PE, Silverberg SG, Barnes Jr WA, et al. Comparison of human papillomavirus genotypes, sexual, and reproductive risk factors of cervical adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma: Northeastern United States. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2003;188:657-63.
32. Bosch F, Manos M, Munoz N, Sherman M, Jansen A, Peto J, et al. Prevalence of human papillomvavirus in cervical cancer: a worldwide perspective. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1995;87:796-802.
33. Saslow D, Runowicz CD, Solomon D, Moscicki A-B, Smith RA, Eyre HJ, et al. American Cancer Society Guideline for the Early Detection of Cervical Neoplasia and Cancer. CA Cancer J Clin. 2002;52(6):342-62.
34. Solomon D, Davey D, Kurman R, Moriarty A, O’Connor D, Prey M, et al. The 2001 Bethesda System : Terminology for Reporting Results of Cervical Cytology. JAMA. 2002;287:2114-9.
35. Australian Government Department of Health. National cervical screening program. [Available from: http://www.cancerscreening.gov.au/internet/screening/publishing.nsf/Content/cervical-screening-1.
36. Jin F, Stein AN, Conway EL, Regan DG, Law M, Brotherton JM, et al. Trends in anal cancer in Australia, 1982-2005. Vaccine. 2011;29(12):2322-7.
37. Shia J. An update on tumors of the anal canal. Archives of pathology & laboratory medicine. 2010;134(11):1601-11.
38. Joseph DA, Miller JW, Wu X, Chen VW, Morris CR, Goodman MT, et al. Understanding the burden of human papillomavirus-associated anal cancers in the US. Cancer. 2008;113(10 Suppl):2892-900.
39. Brewster DH, Bhatti LA. Increasing incidence of squamous cell carcinoma of the anus in Scotland, 1975-2002. Br J Cancer. 2006;95(1):87-90.
40. Anal Cancer. American Cancer Society  [Available from: http://www.cancer.org/acs/groups/cid/documents/webcontent/003083-pdf.pdf.
41. Johnson LG, Madeleine MM, Newcomer LM, Schwartz SM, Daling JR. Anal cancer incidence and survival: the surveillance, epidemiology, and end results experience, 1973-2000. Cancer. 2004;101(2):281-8.
42. Patel P, Hanson DL, Sullivan PS, Novak RM, Moorman AC, Tong TC, et al. Incidence of types of cancer among HIV-infected persons compared with the general population in the United States, 1992-2003. Ann Intern Med. 2008;148(10):728-36.
43. Australian Government. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Cancer in Australia 2017. [Available from: https://www.aihw.gov.au/getmedia/3da1f3c2-30f0-4475-8aed-1f19f8e16d48/20066-cancer-2017.pdf.aspx?inline=true.
44. Machalek DA, Poynten M, Jin F, Fairley CK, Farnsworth A, Garland SM, et al. Anal human papillomavirus infection and associated neoplastic lesions in men who have sex with men: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Oncol. 2012;13(5):487-500.
45. AIHW. Cancer incidence projections: Australia 2011 to 2020. Cancer Series no 66. Canberra: Australian Institue of Health and Welfare; 2012.
46. Palefsky JM, Holly EA, Gonzales J, Berline J, Ahn DK, Greenspan JS. Detection of human papillomavirus dna in anal intraepithelial neoplasia and anal cancer. Cancer Res. 1991;51(3):1014-9.
47. Bjorge T, Engeland A, Luostarinen T, Mork J, Gislefoss RE, Jellum E, et al. Human papillomavirus infection as a risk factor for anal and perianal skin cancer in a prospective study. Brit J Cancer. 2002;87(1):61-4.
48. Durante AJ, Williams AB, Da Costa M, Darragh TM, Khoshnood K, Palefsky JM. Incidence of anal cytological abnormalities in a cohort of human immunodeficiency virus-infected women. Cancer Epidem Biomar. 2003;12(7):638-42.
49. Holly EA, Ralston ML, Darragh TM, Greenblatt RM, Jay N, Palefsky JM. Prevalence and risk factors for anal squamous intraepithelial lesions in women. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2001;93(11):843-9.
50. Daling J, Weiss N, Hislop G, Maden C, Coates R, Sherman K, et al. Sexual practices, sexually transmitted diseases, and the incidence of anal cancer. N Engl J Med. 1987;317(16):973-7.
51. Frisch M, Glimelius B, Van den Brule J, Wohlfahrt J, Meijer C, Walboomers J, et al. Sexually transmitted infection as a cause of anal cancer. N Engl J Med. 1997;337:1350-58.
52. Daling JR, Sherman KJ, Hislop TG, Maden C, Mandelson MT, Beckman AM, et al. Cigarette smoking and the risk of anogenital cancer. Am J Epidemiol. 1992;135:180-9.
53. Frisch M, Glimelius B, Wohlfahrt J, Adami HO, Melbye M. Tobacco smoking as a risk factor in anal carcinoma: an antiestrogenic mechanism? Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 1999;91(8):708-15.
54. Frisch M, Smith E, Grulich A, Johansen C. Cancer in a population-based cohort of men and women in registered homosexual partnerships. Am J Epidemiol. 2003;157(11):966-72.
55. Palefsky JM, Holly EA, Ralston ML, Jay N, Berry JM, Darragh TM. High incidence of anal high-grade squamous intra-epithelial lesions among HIV-positive and HIV-negative homosexual and bisexual men. AIDS. 1998;12(5):495-503.
56. Grulich AE, Li YM, McDonald A, Correll PKL, Law MG, Kaldor JM. Rates of non-AIDS-defining infection before and cancers in people with HIV after AIDS diagnosis. AIDS. 2002;16(8):1155-61.
57. Abbasakoor F, Boulos PB. Anal intraepithelial neoplasia. Brit J Surg. 2005;92(3):277-90.
58. Palefsky J, Holly E, Ralston M, Da Costa M, Greenblatt R. Prevalence and risk factors for anal human papillomavirus infection in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive and high-risk HIV-negative women. J Infect Dis. 2001;183(3):383-91.
59. Frisch M, Glimelius B, van den Brule AJC, Wohlfahrt J, Meijer C, Walboomers JMM, et al. Benign anal lesions, inflammatory bowel disease and risk for high-risk human papillomavirus-positive and -negative anal carcinoma. Brit J Cancer. 1998;78(11):1534-8.
60. Johnson AM, Mercer CH, Erens B, Copas AJ, McManus S, Wellings K, et al. Sexual behaviour in Britain: partnerships, practices, and HIV risk behaviours. Lancet. 2001;358(9296):1835-42.
61. Johnson L, Madeleine M, Newcomer L, Schwartz S, Daling J. Anal cancer incidence and survival: The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results experience, 1973-2000. Cancer. 2004;101(2):281-8.
62. Ekstrand ML, Stall RD, Paul JP, Osmond DH, Coates TJ. Gay men report high rates of unprotected anal sex with partners of unknown or discordant HIV status. AIDS. 1999;13(12):1525-33.
63. Baggaley RF, White RG, Boily M-C. HIV transmission risk through anal intercourse: systematic review, meta-analysis and implications for HIV prevention. Int J Epidemiol. 2010;39(4):1048-63.
64. Wilkinson JR, Morris EJA, Downing A, Finan PJ, Aravani A, Thomas JD, et al. The rising incidence of anal cancer in England 1990–2010: a population-based study. Colorectal Dis. 2014;16(7):O234-O9.
65. Palefsky JM. Anal cancer prevention in HIV-positive men and women. Curr Opin Oncol. 2009;21(5):433-8.
66. Ong JJ, Fairley CK, Carroll S, Walker S, Chen M, Read T, et al. Cost-effectiveness of screening for anal cancer using regular digital ano-rectal examinations in men who have sex with men living with HIV. J Int AIDS Soc. 2016;19(1):20514.
67. Ong JJ, Chen M, Grulich AE, Fairley CK. Regional and national guideline recommendations for digital ano-rectal examination as a means for anal cancer screening in HIV positive men who have sex with men: a systematic review. BMC Cancer. 2014;14(1):557.
68. Ong J, Fairley CK, Carroll S, Walker S, Chen M, Read T, et al. Cost-effectiveness of screening for anal cancer using regular digital ano-rectal examinations in men who have sex with men living with HIV. Journal of the International AIDS Society. 2015;(under review).
69. Bower M, Collins S, Cottrill C, Cwynarski K, Montoto S, Nelson M, et al. British HIV Association guidelines for HIV-associated malignancies 2008. HIV Med. 2008;9(6):336-88.
70. Uronis HE, Bendell JC. Anal cancer: an overview. The oncologist. 2007;12(5):524-34.
71. Szmulowicz UM, Wu JS. Squamous cell carcinoma of the anal canal: a review of the aetiology, presentation, staging, prognosis and methods available for treatment. Sex Health. 2012;9(6):593-609.
72. Read T, Huson K, Millar J, Haydon A, Porter I, Grulich A, et al. Size of anal squamous cell carcinomas at diagnosis: a retrospective case series. Int J STD AIDS. 2013;24(11):879-82.
73. Tanum G, Tveit K, Karlsen KO. Diagnosis of anal carcinoma–doctor’s finger still the best? Oncology. 1991;48(5):383-6.
74. Ryan DP, Compton CC, Mayer RJ. Carcinoma of the anal canal. The New England journal of medicine. 2000;342(11):792-800.
75. Palefsky JM. Practising high-resolution anoscopy. Sex Health. 2012;9(6):580-6.
76. Fleshner PR, Chalasani S, Chang GJ, Levien DH, Hyman NH, Buie WD, et al. Practice parameters for anal squamous neoplasms. Dis Colon Rectum. 2008;51(1):2-9.
77. Bower M, Powles T, Newsom-Davis T, Thirlwell C, Stebbing J, Mandalia S, et al. HIV-associated anal cancer: has highly active antiretroviral therapy reduced the incidence or improved the outcome? Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes. 2004;37(5):1563-5.
78. Epidermoid anal cancer: results from the UKCCCR randomised trial of radiotherapy alone versus radiotherapy, 5-fluorouracil, and mitomycin. UKCCCR Anal Cancer Trial Working Party. UK Co-ordinating Committee on Cancer Research. Lancet. 1996;348(9034):1049-54.
79. Benson AB, 3rd, Venook AP, Al-Hawary MM, Cederquist L, Chen YJ, Ciombor KK, et al. Anal Carcinoma, Version 2.2018, NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology. Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network : JNCCN. 2018;16(7):852-71.
80. Jiang Y, Ajani JA. Anal margin cancer: current situation and ongoing trials. Curr Opin Oncol. 2012;24(4):448-53.
81. Jin F, Stein AN, Conway EL, Regan DG, Law M, Brotherton JML, et al. Trends in anal cancer in Australia, 1982–2005. Vaccine. 2011;29(12):2322-7.
82. Eng C. Anal cancer: Current and future methodology. Cancer Invest. 2006;24(5):535-44.
83. Tong WW, Hillman RJ, Kelleher AD, Grulich AE, Carr A. Anal intraepithelial neoplasia and squamous cell carcinoma in HIV-infected adults. HIV Med. 2014;15(2):65-76.
84. Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Dikshit R, Eser S, Mathers C, Rebelo M, et al. Cancer incidence and mortality worldwide: sources, methods and major patterns in GLOBOCAN 2012. International journal of cancer Journal international du cancer. 2015;136(5):E359-86.
85. Sturgis EM, Ang KK. The epidemic of HPV-associated oropharyngeal cancer is here: is it time to change our treatment paradigms? Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network : JNCCN. 2011;9(6):665-73.
86. Gillison ML, Chaturvedi AK, Anderson WF, Fakhry C. Epidemiology of Human Papillomavirus-Positive Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 2015;33(29):3235-42.
87. Chaturvedi AK, Engels EA, Pfeiffer RM, Hernandez BY, Xiao W, Kim E, et al. Human papillomavirus and rising oropharyngeal cancer incidence in the United States. Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 2011;29(32):4294-301.
88. Chaturvedi AK, Engels EA, Anderson WF, Gillison ML. Incidence trends for human papillomavirus-related and -unrelated oral squamous cell carcinomas in the United States. Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 2008;26(4):612-9.
89. Sturgis EM, Cinciripini PM. Trends in head and neck cancer incidence in relation to smoking prevalence: an emerging epidemic of human papillomavirus-associated cancers? Cancer. 2007;110(7):1429-35.
90. Gillison ML, Koch WM, Capone RB, Spafford M, Westra WH, Wu L, et al. Evidence for a causal association between human papillomavirus and a subset of head and neck cancers. Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 2000;92(9):709-20.
91. Posner MR, Lorch JH, Goloubeva O, Tan M, Schumaker LM, Sarlis NJ, et al. Survival and human papillomavirus in oropharynx cancer in TAX 324: a subset analysis from an international phase III trial. Annals of oncology : official journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology / ESMO. 2011;22(5):1071-7.
92. D’Souza G, Kreimer AR, Viscidi R, Pawlita M, Fakhry C, Koch WM, et al. Case-control study of human papillomavirus and oropharyngeal cancer. The New England journal of medicine. 2007;356(19):1944-56.
93. Ong JJ, Read T, Chen M, Walker S, Law M, Bradshaw C, et al. Improving oral human papillomavirus detection using toothbrush sampling in HIV-positive men who have sex with men. Journal of clinical microbiology. 2014;52(6):2206-9.
94. Gravitt PE, Winer RL. Natural History of HPV Infection across the Lifespan: Role of Viral Latency. Viruses. 2017;9(10).
95. US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Prevalence of HPV in Adults Aged 18-69: United States, 2011-2014 [Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db280.htm.
96. Cohen MA, Weinstein GS, O’Malley BW, Jr., Feldman M, Quon H. Transoral robotic surgery and human papillomavirus status: Oncologic results. Head & neck. 2011;33(4):573-80.
97. Haughey BH, Hinni ML, Salassa JR, Hayden RE, Grant DG, Rich JT, et al. Transoral laser microsurgery as primary treatment for advanced-stage oropharyngeal cancer: a United States multicenter study. Head & neck. 2011;33(12):1683-94.
98. Mehanna H, Evans M, Beasley M, Chatterjee S, Dilkes M, Homer J, et al. Oropharyngeal cancer: United Kingdom National Multidisciplinary Guidelines. J Laryngol Otol. 2016;130(S2):S90-S6.
99. de Sanjose S, Alemany L, Ordi J, Tous S, Alejo M, Bigby SM, et al. Worldwide human papillomavirus genotype attribution in over 2000 cases of intraepithelial and invasive lesions of the vulva. Eur J Cancer. 2013;49(16):3450-61.
100. Bigby SM, Eva LJ, Fong KL, Jones RW. The Natural History of Vulvar Intraepithelial Neoplasia, Differentiated Type: Evidence for Progression and Diagnostic Challenges. International journal of gynecological pathology : official journal of the International Society of Gynecological Pathologists. 2016;35(6):574-84.
101. Hoang LN, Park KJ, Soslow RA, Murali R. Squamous precursor lesions of the vulva: current classification and diagnostic challenges. Pathology. 2016;48(4):291-302.
102. Hay CM, Lachance JA, Lucas FL, Smith KA, Jones MA. Biomarkers p16, Human Papillomavirus and p53 Predict Recurrence and Survival in Early Stage Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Vulva. Journal of lower genital tract disease. 2016;20(3):252-6.
103. Carter JS, Downs LS, Jr. Vulvar and vaginal cancer. Obstetrics and gynecology clinics of North America. 2012;39(2):213-31.
104. Stock RG, Chen AS, Seski J. A 30-year experience in the management of primary carcinoma of the vagina: analysis of prognostic factors and treatment modalities. Gynecologic oncology. 1995;56(1):45-52.
105. Benedetti Panici P, Bellati F, Plotti F, Di Donato V, Antonilli M, Perniola G, et al. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by radical surgery in patients affected by vaginal carcinoma. Gynecologic oncology. 2008;111(2):307-11.
106. Barnholtz-Sloan JS, Maldonado JL, Pow-sang J, Giuliano AR. Incidence trends in primary malignant penile cancer. Urol Oncol. 2007;25(5):361-7.
107. Sewell J, Ranasinghe W, De Silva D, Ayres B, Ranasinghe T, Hounsome L, et al. Trends in penile cancer: a comparative study between Australia, England and Wales, and the US. Springerplus. 2015;4:420.
108. Wabinga HR, Parkin DM, Wabwire-Mangen F, Nambooze S. Trends in cancer incidence in Kyadondo County, Uganda, 1960-1997. Br J Cancer. 2000;82(9):1585-92.
109. Markowitz LE, Dunne EF, Saraiya M, Chesson HW, Curtis CR, Gee J, et al. Human papillomavirus vaccination: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Recomm Rep. 2014;63(RR-05):1-30.
110. Bleeker MC, Heideman DA, Snijders PJ, Horenblas S, Dillner J, Meijer CJ. Penile cancer: epidemiology, pathogenesis and prevention. World J Urol. 2009;27(2):141-50.
111. Diorio GJ, Giuliano AR. The Role of Human Papilloma Virus in Penile Carcinogenesis and Preneoplastic Lesions: A Potential Target for Vaccination and Treatment Strategies. Urol Clin North Am. 2016;43(4):419-25.
112. Backes DM, Kurman RJ, Pimenta JM, Smith JS. Systematic review of human papillomavirus prevalence in invasive penile cancer. Cancer causes & control : CCC. 2009;20(4):449-57.
113. Chaux A, Velazquez EF, Algaba F, Ayala G, Cubilla AL. Developments in the pathology of penile squamous cell carcinomas. Urology. 2010;76(2 Suppl 1):S7-S14.
114. Gregoire L, Cubilla AL, Reuter VE, Haas GP, Lancaster WD. Preferential association of human papillomavirus with high-grade histologic variants of penile-invasive squamous cell carcinoma. Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 1995;87(22):1705-9.
115. Cancer Research UK. Penile Cancer Treatment Decisions. [Available from: https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/penile-cancer/treatment/treatment-decisions.
116. Mahesan T, Hegarty PK, Watkin NA. Advances in Penile-Preserving Surgical Approaches in the Management of Penile Tumors. Urol Clin North Am. 2016;43(4):427-34.
117. Australian Government Department of Health. The Australian Immunization Handbook. Chapter 4.6 Human Papillomavirus  [Available from: http://www.immunise.health.gov.au/internet/immunise/publishing.nsf/Content/Handbook10-home~handbook10-updates~handbook10-updates-09-04-2018-1.
118. Wilkin T, Lee JY, Lensing SY, Stier EA, Goldstone SE, Berry JM, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of the quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccine in HIV-1-infected men. The Journal of infectious diseases. 2010;202(8):1246-53.
119. Kahn JA, Xu J, Kapogiannis BG, Rudy B, Gonin R, Liu N, et al. Immunogenicity and safety of the human papillomavirus 6, 11, 16, 18 vaccine in HIV-infected young women. Clin Infect Dis. 2013;57(5):735-44.
120. Kojic EM, Kang M, Cespedes MS, Umbleja T, Godfrey C, Allen RT, et al. Immunogenicity and safety of the quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccine in HIV-1-infected women. Clin Infect Dis. 2014;59(1):127-35.
121. Giacomet V, Penagini F, Trabattoni D, Vigano A, Rainone V, Bernazzani G, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of a quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccine in HIV-infected and HIV-negative adolescents and young adults. Vaccine. 2014;32(43):5657-61.
122. Weinberg A, Song LY, Saah A, Brown M, Moscicki AB, Meyer WA, 3rd, et al. Humoral, mucosal, and cell-mediated immunity against vaccine and nonvaccine genotypes after administration of quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccine to HIV-infected children. The Journal of infectious diseases. 2012;206(8):1309-18.
123. Faust H, Toft L, Sehr P, Muller M, Bonde J, Forslund O, et al. Human Papillomavirus neutralizing and cross-reactive antibodies induced in HIV-positive subjects after vaccination with quadrivalent and bivalent HPV vaccines. Vaccine. 2016;34(13):1559-65.
124. Toft L, Tolstrup M, Muller M, Sehr P, Bonde J, Storgaard M, et al. Comparison of the immunogenicity of Cervarix(R) and Gardasil(R) human papillomavirus vaccines for oncogenic non-vaccine serotypes HPV-31, HPV-33, and HPV-45 in HIV-infected adults. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2014;10(5):1147-54.
125. Denny L, Hendricks B, Gordon C, Thomas F, Hezareh M, Dobbelaere K, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of the HPV-16/18 AS04-adjuvanted vaccine in HIV-positive women in South Africa: a partially-blind randomised placebo-controlled study. Vaccine. 2013;31(48):5745-53.
126. Hidalgo-Tenorio C, Ramirez-Taboada J, Gil-Anguita C, Esquivias J, Omar-Mohamed-Balgahata M, SamPedro A, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of the quadrivalent human papillomavirus (qHPV) vaccine in HIV-positive Spanish men who have sex with men (MSM). AIDS Res Ther. 2017;14(1):34.
127. Miltz A, Price H, Shahmanesh M, Copas A, Gilson R. Systematic review and meta-analysis of L1-VLP-based human papillomavirus vaccine efficacy against anogenital pre-cancer in women with evidence of prior HPV exposure. PloS one. 2014;9(3):e90348.
128. Soe NN, Ong JJ, Ma X, Fairley CK, Latt PM, Jing J, et al. Should human papillomavirus vaccination target women over age 26, heterosexual men and men who have sex with men? A targeted literature review of cost-effectiveness. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2018.