As for members of other key populations, trust is important to engagement in health care for refugees and asylum seekers, migrants, and international students.  Members of these groups may mistrust health professionals because, in their country of origin, some health professionals have been involved in the administration of torture or may use instruments that remind people of traumatic experiences (29).  Some have been subjected to sexual assault (which may also have been their source of HIV infection) and may be reluctant to undergo sexual health checks or examinations. Women living with HIV from refugee or asylum seeker backgrounds can experience additional vulnerabilities.  Awareness of and sensitivity towards these matters is important and warrants a trauma-informed approach to service provision (30). 

Furthermore, targeted prevention measures for gay Asian MSM are essential (31).