1. Johnstone M-J. and Crock E. Chapter 10: Dealing with ethical issues in nursing practice. In: Chang E, Daly J, eds. Transitions in Nursing: preparing for professional practice. 5th ed. Sydney: Elsevier; 2019.

2. Beauchamp TL, Childress JF. Principles of Biomedical Ethics. 8th ed. New York: Oxford University Press; 2019.

3. Johnstone M. Bioethics: a nursing perspective. 8th ed. Sydney: Elsevier; 2023.

4. Reamer F, editor. AIDS and Ethics. New York: Columbia University Press; 1991.

5. Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. HIV/AIDS and Human Rights. Geneva: OHCHR; 2024.

6. International Council of Nurses (ICN). The ICN Code of Ethics for Nurses. Revised 2021.

7. International Confederation of Midwives (ICM). The International Code of Ethics for Midwives. 2014.

8. United Nations. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Geneva: UN; 1948.

9. Goffman E. Stigma: notes on the management of spoiled identity. New York: Simon and Schuster; 1963.

10. UNAIDS. HIV-related stigma, discrimination, and human rights violations: Case studies of successful programmes. Geneva: UNAIDS; 2005.

11. Ferguson L, Gruskin S, Bolshakova M, et al. Frameworks and measures for HIV-related internalized stigma, stigma, and discrimination in healthcare and in laws and policies: a systematic review. J Int AIDS Soc. 2022 Jul;25 Suppl 1(Suppl 1): e25915.

12. Department of Health, Housing, Local Government and Community, cited in Rotem A, Godwin P, Winn M, Robertson S. HIV/AIDS-Related Discrimination Health Care Worker Project. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service; 1994.

13. New South Wales Anti-Discrimination Board. Discrimination: the other epidemic: report of the inquiry into HIV/AIDS-related discrimination. Sydney: NSWADB; 1992.

14. National Centre in HIV Social Research. Stigma and discrimination around HIV and HCV in healthcare settings: Research Report. Sydney: ASHM/NCHSR; 2012.

15. Lyons C et al. Experiences of reproductive coercion among women living with HIV in sub-Saharan Africa, eastern Europe, and Central Asia. Abstract OAC0405. 12th IAS Conference on HIV Science, Brisbane; 2023.

16. Norman T, Power J, Rule J, Chen JY, Bourne A. HIV Futures 9: Quality of Life Among People Living with HIV in Australia. Monograph Series Number 134. Melbourne: The Australian Research Centre in Sex, Health and Society, La Trobe University; 2022.

17. Vanable PA, Carey MP, Blair DC, Littlewood RA. Impact of HIV-Related Stigma on Health Behaviors and Psychological Adjustment Among HIV-Positive Men and Women. AIDS Behav. 2006;10(5):473-482.

18. Feyissa GT, Lockwood C, Woldie M, Munn Z. Reducing HIV-related stigma and discrimination in healthcare settings: A systematic review of quantitative evidence. PLoS One. 2019 Jan 25;14(1): e0211298.

19. Nyblade L, Stangl A, Weiss E, Ashburn K. Combating HIV stigma in health care settings: what works? J Int AIDS Soc. 2009 Aug 6; 12:15.

20. Johnstone M-J. Ethics: On the matter of human kindness. Aust Nurs J. 2010;17(7):32.

21. Devadass D, Fernandez R, Raj TDS, et al. Standard Precautions are for everyone: The role of HIV stigma and implications for nursing education in India. J Nurs Educ Pract. 2022 Dec;12(12):69-76.

22. McRee AL, Madsen N, Eisenberg ME. Guest Speakers in School-Based Sexuality Education. Am J Sex Educ. 2014;9(2):205-218.

23. Young IM. Justice and the Politics of Difference. New Jersey: Princeton University Press; 1990.

24. Paxton S. The Impact of Utilizing HIV-Positive Speakers in AIDS Education. AIDS Educ Prev. 2002;14(4):282-294.

25. Andersson GZ, Reinius M, Eriksson LE, et al. Stigma reduction interventions in people living with HIV to improve health-related quality of life. Lancet HIV. 2020 Feb;7(2): e129-e140.

26. Judy A Frain. Preparing every nurse to become an HIV nurse. Nurs Educ Today. 2017; 48:129-133.

27. Rice WS, Crockett KB, Mugavero MJ, et al. Association Between Internalized HIV-Related Stigma and HIV Care Visit Adherence. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2017 Dec 15;76(5):482-487.

28. Geibel S, Gottert A, Friedland BA, et al. Internalized stigma among people living with HIV: assessing the Internalized AIDS-Related Stigma Scale in four countries. AIDS. 2020;34(Suppl 1): S33-S41.

29. National Health and Medical Research Council. Australian Guidelines for the Prevention and Control of Infection in Healthcare. Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia; 2019.

30. HIV/AIDS Legal Centre and Positive Life Sydney. Disclosing your HIV status: a guide to some of the legal issues. Sydney: NSW; 2023. See also Guides to HIV and the Law for information about other states.

31. Cameron S. Guide to Australian HIV Laws and Policies for Healthcare Professionals. Sydney: ASHM/Australian Government Department of Health. 2014. Updated in 2019 by M. Frommer.

32. Australian Government Australian Institute of Family Studies. Mandatory reporting of child abuse and neglect. CFCA Fact Sheet. 2016 May.

33. Rock MJ, Hoebeke R. Informed consent: Whose duty to inform? MedSurg Nurs. 2014;23(3-4):189-190.

34. National HIV Testing Policy Expert Reference Committee. National HIV Testing Policy 2019 v 1.5. Darlinghurst: ASHM.

35. Centre for Population Health. NSW HIV Strategy – Ending HIV, 2021-2025. February.

36. Commonwealth Department of Health. 8th National HIV Strategy. Canberra; 2018.

37. Charles B, Jeyaseelan L, Kumar Pandian A, et al. Association between stigma, depression, and quality of life of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLHA) in South India – a community based cross sectional study. BMC Public Health. 2012; 12:463.

38. Holzemer W, Human S, Arudo J, et al. Exploring HIV stigma and quality of life for persons living with HIV infection. JANAC. 2009;20(3):161-168.

39. Mendonca CJ, Newton-John TRO, Alperstein DM, et al. Quality of Life of People Living with HIV in Australia: The Role of Stigma, Social Disconnection and Mental Health. AIDS Behav. 2023 Feb;27(2):545-557.

40. Jay JS, Gostin LO. Ethical challenges of Pre-exposure Prophylaxis for HIV. JAMA Online. 2012 July 27.

41. Macklin R. Given Resource Constraints, It Would Be Unethical To Divert Antiretroviral Drugs From Treatment To Prevention. Health Aff (Millwood). 2012 Jul;31(7):1537-1544.

42. UNAIDS. Global HIV statistics. Fact sheet. Geneva: WHO; 2023.

43. Verguet S, Stalcup M, Walsh JA. Where to deploy pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) in sub-Saharan Africa? Sex Transm Infect. 2013; 89:628-634.

44. Sugarman J. Ethics and Pre-exposure Prophylaxis for HIV Infection. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2013 Jul 1;63(Supplement 2): S135-S139.

45. Edwards GG, Miyashita-Ochoa A, Castillo EG, et al. Long-Acting Injectable Therapy for People with HIV: Looking Ahead with Lessons from Psychiatry and Addiction Medicine. AIDS Behav. 2023; 27:10–24.

46. Olivia S. Kates. What We Know About Long-acting Injectable Antipsychotics Can Help Innovate HIV Care. AMA J Ethics. 2021;23(5): E405-409.

47. McGovern TM. Mandatory HIV Testing and Treating of Child-bearing women: an unnatural, illegal, and unsound approach. In: AIDS: Society, Ethics and Law. 1st ed. Routledge; 2001.

48. Matheson R, Moses-Burton S, Hsieh AC, et al. Fundamental concerns of women living with HIV around the implementation of Option B+. J Int AIDS Soc. 2015; 18:20286.

49. Kumar S, Gruskin S, Khosla R, Narasimhan M. Human rights and the sexual and reproductive health of women living with HIV – a literature review. J Int AIDS Soc. 2015; 18:20290.

50. Herrick CA, Smith JE. Ethical dilemmas and AIDS: nursing issues regarding rights and obligations. Nurs Forum. 1989;24(3-4):35-46.

51. Christine Grady. Ethical Issues in Providing Nursing Care to Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Populations. Nurs Clin North Am. 1989;24(2):523-534.

52. Locher, A.W. (1996). Ethics, women with HIV, and procreation: Implications for nursing practice. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing, 25(6), 465-469.

53. Lu X, Huang H, Khoshnood K, et al. Ethical Decision-making of Health Professionals Caring for People Living with HIV/AIDS in Hunan, China: A Qualitative Study. Inquiry. 2022 Jan-Dec; 59:469580221127789.