Search
Close this search box.

HIV Management Guide for Clinical Care

HIV Management Guide for Clinical Care

Search
Close this search box.

HIV-infectious Disease & Cancer

Management > HIV-infectious Disease & Cancer > References

Sections

Sections

References

  1. Segal LN, Methe BA, Nolan A et al, HIV-1 and Bacterial Pneumonia in the Era of Antiretroviral Therapy,Proc Am Thorac Soc 2011;8:282-287
  2. Grubb JR, Moorman AC, Baker RK, et al. The changing spectrum of pulmonary disease in patients with HIV infection on antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 2006;20:1095-107 ↑
  3. Stansell JD, Osmond DH, Charlebois E, et al. Predictors of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in HIV-infected persons. Pulmonary Complications of HIV Infection Study Group. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997;155:60-6 ↑
  4. Strategies for Management of Antiretroviral Therapy (SMART) Study Group, Inferior Clinical Outcome of the CD4+ count – Guided Antiretroviral Treatment Interrruption Strategy in the SMART Study: Role of CD4+ Cell Counts and HIV RNA Levels during Follow-up, J Inf Dis 2008;197:1145-55.
  5. Klein MB, Yang H, DelBalso L et al, Viral Pathogens Including Human Metapneumovirus Are The Primary Cause of Febrile Respiratory Illness in HIV-Infected Adults receiving Antiviral Therapy. J Inf Dis 2010: 201: 297-301
  6. Garbino J, Inoubli S, Mossdorf E et al, Respiratory virus in HIV-infected patients with suspected respiratory opportunistic infection, AIDS 2008; 22: 701-705
  7. Hanson DL, Chu SY, Farizo KM et al, Distribution of CD4+ T lymphocytes at diagnosis of acquired immunodeficiency defining and other human immunodeficiency virus-related diseases. The Adult and Adolescent Spectrum of HIV Diseases Project Group. Arch Intern Med 1995;155:1537-42
  8. Church JA, Fitzgerald F, Walker AS et al, The expanding role of co-trimoxazole in developing countries. Lancet Infect Dis 2015;15: 327-39
  9. Warnock AC, Rimland D. Comparison of Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, Dapsone and Pentamidine in the Prophylaxis of Pneumocystis carinii Pneumonia. Pharmacotherapy 1996; 16: 1030-1038
  10. El-Sadr WM, Murphy R, McCabe T et al. Atovaquone Compared with Dapsone for the Prevention of Pneumocystis carinii Pneumonia in Patients with HIV Infection Who Cannot Tolerate Trimethoprim, Sulfonamides or Both. NEJM 1998;339: 1889-95
  11. Currier JS, Williams P, Feinberg J et al. Impact of Prophylaxis for Mycobacterium avium Complex on Bacterial Infections in Patients with Advanced Human Immunodeficiency Virus Disease. Clin Infect Dis 2001; 32: 1615-22
  12. 12.Selwyn PA, Hartel D, Lewis VA, et al. A prospective study of the risk of tuberculosis among intravenous drug users with human immunodeficiency virus infection. N Engl J Med 1989;320:545-50
  13. Cohen C, Moyes J, Tempia S et al, Severe Influenza-associated Respiratory Infection in High HIV prevalence settings, South Africa, 2009-2011. Emerg Infect Dis 2013; 19:1766-74
  14. Wallace JM, Rao AV, Glassroth J, et al. Respiratory illness in persons with human immunodeficiency virus infection. The Pulmonary Complications of HIV infection Study Group. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993; 148: 1523-9
  15.  Denning DW, Follansbee SE, Scolaro M, et al. Pulmonary aspergillosis in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N Engl J Med1991;324:654-62
  16. Aboulafia DM. The epidemiologic, pathologic, and clinical features of AIDS-associated pulmonary Kaposi’s sarcoma. Chest 2000;117:1128-45
  17. Gruden JF, Huang L, Turner J, et al. High-resolution CT in the evaluation of clinically suspected Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in AIDS patients with normal, equivocal, or nonspecific radiographic findings. Am J Roentgenol 1997;169:967-75
  18. Godofsky EW, Zinreich J, Armstrong M, Leslie JM, Weikel CS. Sinusitis in HIV-infected patients: a clinical and radiographic review. Am J Med 1992;93:163-70 
  19. 19.Milgrim LM, Rubin JS, Rosenstreich DL, Small CB. Sinusitis in human immunodeficiency virus infection: typical and atypical organisms. J Otolaryngol 1994;23:450-3
  20. Upadhyay S, Marks SC, Arden RL, Crane LR, Cohn AM. Bacteriology of sinusitis in human immunodeficiency virus positive patients: implications for management. Laryngoscope 1995;105:1058-60
  21. Dunand VA, Hammer SM, Rossi R, Poulin M, Albrecht MA, Doweiko JP, et al. Parasitic sinusitis and otitis in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus: report of five cases and review. Clin Infect Dis 1997;25:267-72
  22. Tarp B, Fiirgaard B, Moller J, Hilberg O, Christensen T, Black F. The occurrence of sinusitis in HIV-infected patients with fever. Rhinology 2001;39:136-41
  23. Lee LR, Sullivan TJ. Aspergillus sphenoid sinusitis-induced orbital apex syndrome in HIV infection. Aust NZ J Ophthalmol 1995;23:327-31
  24. Friedman M, Landsberg R, Tanyeri H, Schults RA, Kelanic S, Caldarelli DD. Endoscopic sinus surgery in patients infected with HIV. Laryngoscope 2000;110:1613-6
  25. Janoff EN, Breiman RF, Daley CL, Hopewell PC. Pneumococcal disease during HIV infection. Epidemiologic, clinical, and immunologic perspectives. Ann Intern Med 1992;117:314-24
  26. Nuorti JP, Butler JC, Farley MM. Cigarette smoking and invasive pneumococcal disease. Active Bacterial Core Surveillance Team. N Engl J Med 2000;342:68168-9 
  27. Hirschtick RE, Glassroth J, Jordan MC, Wilcosky TC, Wallace JM, Kvale PA, et al. Bacterial pneumonia in persons infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. N Engl J Med 1995:333:845-51
  28. Gebo KA, Moore RD, Keruly JC, Chaisson RE. Risk factors for pneumococcal disease in human immunodeficiency virus infected patients. J Infect Dis 1996;173:857-62
  29. Meynard JL, Barbut F, Blum L, Guiguet M, Chouaid C, Meyohas MC, et al. Risk factors for isolation of Streptococcus pneumoniae with decreased susceptibility to penicillin G from patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Clin Infect Dis 1996;22:437-40
  30. Janoff EN, Breiman RF, Daley CL, Hopewell PC. Pneumococcal disease during HIV infection. Epidemiologic, clinical, and immunologic perspectives. Ann Intern Med 1992;117:314-24
  31. Flegg PJ, Brettle RP, Bell JE, Bird AG, Busuttil A. Fatal pneumococcal meningitis in an HIV-infected drug user despite previous pneumococcal immunization. Int J STD AIDS 1994;5:221-2
  32. Rodriguez Barradas MC, Musher DM, Hamill RJ, Dowell M, Bagwell JT, Sanders CV. Unusual manifestations of pneumococcal infection in HIV-infected individuals: The past revisited. Clin Infect Dis 1992;14:192-9
  33. Mofredj A, Guerin JM, Leibinger F, Masmoudi R. Pneumococcal cellulitis in an HIV-infected adult. Infection 2000;28:175-7
  34. Dobroszycki J, Abadi J, Lambert G, Beenhouwer DO, Truong TH, Wiznia AA. Testicular abscess due to Streptococcus pneumoniae in an infant with human immunodeficiency infection. Clin Infect Dis 1997;24:84-5
  35. Antibiotic Expert Groups. Therapeutic guidelines: antibiotic. Version 15. Melbourne: Therapeutic Guidelines Limited; 2014. Available at: http://www.tg.org.au/?sectionid=41 (last accessed 1 June 2018)
  36. CDC. Prevention of pneumococcal disease: recommendation of the advisory committee on immunization practices (ACIP). MMWR 1997:46(RR-08);1-24
  37. Veras MA, Enanoria WT, Castilho EA, Reingold AL. Effectiveness of the polysaccharide pneumococcal vaccine among HIV infected persons in Brazil: a case control study. BMC Infect Dis 2007;7:119
  38. French N, Nakiyingi J, Carpenter LM, Lugada E, Watera C, Moi K, et al. 23-valent Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine in HIV- 1 infected Ugandan adults: double-blind, randomized and placebo controlled trial. Lancet 2000;355:2106-11
  39. Penaranda M, Falco V, Payeras A, Jordano Q, Curran A, Pareja A, et al. Effectiveness of polysaccharide pneumococcal vaccine in HIV-infected patients: a case-control study. Clin Infect Dis 2007;45:e82-7
  40. French N, Gordon SB, Mwalukomo T, et al . A trial of a 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in HIV-infected adults. N Engl J Med 2010;362:812-22.23.
  41. The Australian Immunisation Handbook [Internet]. Canberra. Australian Government Department of Health; 2017. 4.13 Pneumococcal Disease; Updated 1 Aug 2017 [cited 2017 April 5]. Available from: http://immunise.health.gov.au/internet/immunise/publishing.nsf/Content/Handbook10-home~handbook10part4~handbook10-4-13#4-13-7
  42. Glesby MJ, Watson W, Brinson C et al. Immunogenicity and Safety of 13-valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine in HIV- Infected Adults Previously Vaccinated with Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine. J Infect Dis 2015; 212: 18-27
  43. Crum-Cianflone NF, Wallace MR. Stimulating evidence for pneumococcal conjugate vaccination among HIV-infected adults. J Infect Dis 2015;212(1):1-4 
  44. Spach DH. Immunizations for HIV-infected adults: indications, timing, and response. Top HIV Med 2006;14(5):154-8
  45. Hawksworth DL. Responsibility in naming pathogens: the case of Pneumocystis jirovecii, the causal agent of pneumocystis pneumonia. The Lancet Infect Dis 2007;7:3-5.
  46. Cushion MT. Taxonomy, genetic organization, and life cycle of Pneumocystis carinii. Semin Respir Infect 1998;13:304-12. .
  47. Keely SP, Stringer JR, Baughman RP, et al. Genetic variation among Pneumocystis carinii hominis isolates in recurrent pneumocystosis. J Infect Dis 1995;172:595-8. .
  48. Morris A, Wei K, Afshar K, et al. Epidemiology and clinical significance of pneumocystis colonization. J Infect Dis 2008;197:10-7. .
  49. Ponce CA, Gallo M, Bustamante R, et al. Pneumocystis colonization is highly prevalent in the autopsied lungs of the general population. Clin Infect Dis 2010;50:347-53. .
  50. Dore GJ, Li Y, Macdonald A, Ree H, et al, for the National HIV Surveillance Committee. Impact of highly active antiretroviral therapy on individual AIDS-defining illness incidence and survival in Australia. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2002;29:388-95. .
  51. Kovacs JA, Masur H. Prophylaxis against opportunistic infections in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. N Engl J Med 2000;342:1416-29. .
  52. Telzak EE, Cote RJ, Gold JW, et al. Extrapulmonary Pneumocystis carinii infections. Rev Infect Dis 1990;12:380-6. .
  53. Opravil M, Marincek B, Fuchs WA, et al. Shortcomings of chest radiography in detecting Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 1994;7:39-45. .
  54. Gruden JF, Huang L, Turner J, et al. High-resolution CT in the evaluation of clinically suspected Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in AIDS patients with normal, equivocal, or nonspecific radiographic findings. Am J Roentgenol 1997;169:967-75. .
  55. Kanne JP, Yandow DR, Meyer CA. Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia: high-resolution CT findings in patients with and without HIV infection. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2012;198:W555-61. .
  56. Choe PG, Kang YM, Kim G, et al. Diagnostic value of direct fluorescence antibody staining for detecting Pneumocystis jirovecii in expectorated sputum from patients with HIV infection. Med Mycol 2014;52:326-30. .
  57. Zaman MK, Wooten OJ, Suprahmanya B, Ankobiah W, Finch PJ, Kamholz SL. Rapid noninvasive diagnosis of Pneumocystis carinii from induced liquefied sputum. Ann Intern Med 1988;109:7-10. .
  58. Masur H, Gill VJ, Ognibene FP, Shelhamer J, Godwin C, Kovacs JA. Diagnosis of Pneumocystis pneumonia by induced sputum technique in patients without the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Ann Intern Med 1988;109:755-6.
  59. Kovacs JA, Ng VL, Masur H, Leoung G, Hadley WK, Evans G, et al. Diagnosis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: improved detection in sputum with use of monoclonal antibodies. N Engl J Med 1988;318:589-93.
  60. Kvale PA, Hansen NI, Markowitz N, et al. Routine analysis of induced sputum is not an effective strategy for screening persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus for Mycobacterium tuberculosis or Pneumocystis carinii. Pulmonary Complications of HIV Infection Study Group. Clin Infect Dis 1994;19:410-16.
  61. Kovacs JA, Gill VJ, Meshnick S, et al. New insights into transmission, diagnosis, and drug treatment of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. J Am Med Assoc 2001;286:2450-60.
  62. Cruciani M, Marcati P, Malena M, et al. Meta-analysis of diagnostic procedures for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in HIV-1-infected patients. Eur Respir J 2002;20:982-9.
  63. Arcenas RC, Uhl JR, Buckwalter SP, et al. A real-time polymerase chain reaction assay for detection of Pneumocystis from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2006;54:169-75.
  64. Nyamande K, Lalloo UG, York D, et al. Low sensitivity of a nested polymerase chain reaction in oropharyngeal washings for the diagnosis of pneumocystis pneumonia in HIV-infected patients. Chest 2005;128:167-71.
  65. Larsen HH, Masur H, Kovacs JA, et al. Development and evaluation of a quantitative, touchdown, real-time PCR assay for diagnosing Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. J Clin Microbiol 2002;40:490-4.
  66. Larsen HH, Huang L, Kovacs JA, et al. A prospective, blinded study of quantitative touch-down polymerase chain reaction using oral-wash samples for diagnosis of Pneumocystis pneumonia in HIV-infected patients. J Infect Dis 2004;189:1679-83.
  67. Alvarez-Martinez MJ, Miro JM, Valls ME, et al. Sensitivity and specificity of nested and real-time PCR for the detection of Pneumocystis jirovecii in clinical specimens. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2006;56:153-60.
  68. Fan LC, Lu HW, Cheng KB, et al. Evaluation of PCR in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid for diagnosis of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia: a bivariate meta-analysis and systematic review. PLoS One 2013;8:e73099.
  69. Fauchier T, Hasseine L, Gari-Toussaint M, Casanova V, Marty PM, Pomares C. 2016. Detection of Pneumocystis jiroveciiby quantitative PCR to differentiate colonization and pneumonia in immunocompromised HIV-positive and HIV-negative patients. J Clin Microbiol 2016;54:1487–1495
  70. Huang L, Hecht FM, Stansell JD, et al. Suspected Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia with a negative induced sputum examination. Is early bronchoscopy useful? Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995;151:1866-71.
  71. Narayanswami G, Salzman SH. Bronchoscopy in the human immunodeficiency virus-infected patient. Semin Respir Infect 2003;18:80-6.
  72. Thomas CF Jr, Limper AH. Current insights into the biology and pathogenesis of Pneumocystis pneumonia. Nature Rev Microbiol 2007;5:298-308.
  73. Robinson DS, Cunningham DA, Dave S, et al. Diagnostic value of lung clearance of 99mTc DTPA compared with other non-invasive investigations in Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in AIDS. Thorax 1991;46:722-6.
  74. Monaghan P, Provan I, Murray C, et al. An improved radionuclide technique for the detection of altered pulmonary permeability. J Nucl Med 1991;32:1945-9.
  75. Stansell JD, Osmond DH, Charlebois E, et al. Predictors of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in HIV-infected persons. Pulmonary Complications of HIV Infection Study Group. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997;155:60-6.
  76. Huang L, Stansell J, Osmond D, et al. Performance of an algorithm to detect Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in symptomatic HIV-infected persons. Pulmonary Complications of HIV Infection Study Group. Chest 1999;115:1025-32.
  77. Boldt MJ, Bai TR. Utility of lactate dehydrogenase vs radiographic severity in the differential diagnosis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Chest 1997;111:1187-92.
  78. Skelly MJ, Holzman RS, Merali S. S-Adenosylmethionine levels in the diagnosis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with HIV infection. Clin Infect Dis 2008;46:467-71.
  79. Skelly M, Hoff man J, Fabbri M, et al. S-adenosylmethionine concentrations in diagnosis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Lancet 2003;361:1267-8.
  80. Wood BR, Komarow L, Zolopa AR, et al. Test performance of blood beta-glucan for Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in patients with AIDS and respiratory symptoms. AIDS 2013;27:967-72.
  81. Salerno D, Mushatt D, Myers L, et al. Serum and bal beta-d-glucan for the diagnosis of Pneumocystis pneumonia in HIV positive patients. Respir Med 2014;108:1688-95.
  82. Wharton JM, Coleman DL, Wofsy CB, et al. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole or pentamidine for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. A prospective randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 1986;105:37-44.
  83. Helweg-Larsen J, Benfield T, Atzori C, et al. Clinical efficacy of first- and second-line treatments for HIV-associated Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia: a tri-centre cohort study. J Antimicrob Chemother 2009;64:1282-90.
  84. Confalonieri M, Calderini E, Terraciano S, et al. Noninvasive ventilation for treating acute respiratory failure in AIDS patients with Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Intensive Care Med 2002;28:1233-8.
  85. Briel M, Bucher HC, Boscacci R, et al. Adjunctive corticosteroids for Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in patients with HIV-infection. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006;3:CD006150.
  86. 87.] The National Institutes of Health-University of California Expert Panel for Corticosteroids as Adjunctive Therapy for Pneumocystis Pneumonia. Consensus statement on the use of corticosteroids as adjunctive therapy for pneumocystis pneumonia in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N Engl J Med 1990;323:1500-4.
  87. Bozzette SA, Sattler FR, Chiu J, et al. A controlled trial of early adjunctive treatment with corticosteroids for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. California Collaborative Treatment Group. N Engl J Med 1990;323:1451-7.
  88. Gagnon S, Boota AM, Fischl MA, et al. Corticosteroids as adjunctive therapy for severe Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. N Engl J Med 1990;323:1444-50.
  89. Montaner JS, Lawson LM, Levitt N, et al. Corticosteroids prevent early deterioration in patients with moderately severe Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Ann Intern Med 1990;113:14-20.
  90. Safrin S, Finkelstein DM, Feinberg J, et al. Comparison of three regimens for treatment of mild to moderate Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with AIDS. A double-blind, randomized, trial of oral trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole, dapsone-trimethoprim, and clindamycinprimaquine. ACTG 108 Study Group. Ann Intern Med 1996;124:792-802.
  91. Hughes W, Leoung G, Kramer F, et al. Comparison of atovaquone (566C80) with trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole to treat Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with AIDS. N Engl J Med 993;328:1521-7.
  92. Annaloro C, Della Volpe A, Usardi P, et al. Caspofungin treatment of Pneumocystis pneumonia during conditioning for bone marrow transplantation. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2006;25:52-4.
  93. Kamboj M, Weinstock D, Sepkowitz KA. Progression of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in patients receiving echinocandin therapy. Clin Infect Dis 2006;43:1.
  94. Leoung GS, Stanford JF, Giordano MF, et al. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ) dose escalation versus direct rechallenge for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia prophylaxis in human immunodeficiency virusinfected patients with previous adverse reaction to TMP-SMZ. J Infect Dis 2001;184:992-7.
  95. Para MF, Finkelstein D, Becker S,et al. Reduced toxicity with gradual initiation of trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole as primary prophylaxis for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: AIDS Clinical Trials Group 268. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 2000;24:337-43.
  96. Gluckstein D, Ruskin J. Rapid oral desensitization to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ): use in prophylaxis for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with AIDS who were previously intolerant to TMP-SMZ. Clin Infect Dis 1995;20:849-53.
  97. Antibiotic Expert Groups. Therapeutic guidelines: antibiotic. Version 15. Melbourne: Therapeutic Guidelines Limited; 2014. Available at: http://www.tg.org.au/?sectionid=41 (last accessed 10 August 2015).
  98. Walzer PD, Evans HE, Copas AJ, et al. Early predictors of mortality from Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in HIV-infected patients: 1985-2006. Clin Infect Dis 2008;46:625-33.
  99. Miller RF, Allen E, Copas A, et al. Improved survival for HIV infected patients with severe Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia is independent of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Thorax 2006;61:716-21.
  100. Crothers K, Beard CB, Turner J, et al. Severity and outcome of HIV-associated Pneumocystis pneumonia containing Pneumocystis jirovecii dihydropteroate synthase gene mutations. AIDS 2005;19:801-5
  101. Helweg-Larsen J, Benfield TL, Eugen-Olsen J,et al. Effects of mutations in Pneumocystis carinii dihydropteroate synthase gene on outcome of AIDS-associated P. carinii pneumonia. Lancet 1999;354:1347-51.
  102. Nahimana A, Rabodonirina M, Bille J, et al. Mutations of Pneumocystis jirovecii dihydrofolate reductase associated with failure of prophylaxis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004;48:4301-5.
  103. Bucher HC, Griffith L, Guyatt GH, et al. Meta-analysis of prophylactic treatments against Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and toxoplasma encephalitis in HIV-infected patients. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 1997;15:104-14.
  104. Ioannidis JP, Cappelleri JC, Skolnik PR, et al. A meta-analysis of the relative efficacy and toxicity of Pneumocystis carinii prophylactic regimens. Arch Intern Med 1996;156:177-88.
  105. Trikalinos TA, Ioannidis JP. Discontinuation of Pneumocystis carinii prophylaxis in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus: a meta-analysis and decision analysis. Clin Infect Dis 2001;33:1901-9.
  106. Koletar SL, Heald AE, Finkelstein D, et al. A prospective study of discontinuing primary and secondary Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia prophylaxis after CD4 cell count increase to > 200 x 106/L. AIDS 2001;15:1509-15.
  107. Furrer H, Opravil M, Rossi M, et al. Discontinuation of primary prophylaxis in HIV-infected patients at high risk of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: prospective multicentre study. AIDS 2001;15:501-7.
  108. Ledergerber B, Mocroft A, Reiss P, et al. Discontinuation of secondary prophylaxis against Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with HIV infection who have a response to antiretroviral therapy. Eight European Study Groups. N Engl J Med 2001;344:168-174.
  109. Lopez Bernaldo de Quiros JC, Miro JM, Pena JM, et al. A randomized trial of the discontinuation of primary and secondary prophylaxis against Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia after highly active antiretroviral therapy in patients with HIV infection. Grupo de Estudio del SIDA 04/98. N Engl J Med 2001;344:159-167.
  110. Mussini C, Pezzotti P, Govoni A, et al. Discontinuation of primary prophylaxis for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and toxoplasmic encephalitis in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected patients: the changes in opportunistic prophylaxis study. J Infect Dis 2000;181:1635-42.
  111. Zellweger C, Opravil M, Bernasconi E, et al. Long-term safety of discontinuation of secondary prophylaxis against Pneumocystis pneumonia: prospective multicentre study. AIDS 2004;18:2047-53.
  112. Cheng CY, Chen MY, Hsieh SM, et al. Risk of pneumocystosis after early discontinuation of prophylaxis among HIV-infected patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy. BMC Infect Dis 2010;10:126.
  113. Opportunistic Infections Project Team of the Collaboration of Observational HIV Epidemiological Research in Europe (COHERE); Mocroft A, Reiss P, Kirk O, et al. Is it safe to discontinue primary Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia prophylaxis in patients with virologically suppressed HIV infection and a CD4 cell count < 200 cells/µL? Clin Infect Dis 2010;51:611-9.
  114. Costiniuk CT, Fergusson DA, Doucette S, et al. Discontinuation of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia prophylaxis with CD4 count < 200 cells/µL and virologic suppression: a systematic review. PLoS One 2011;6:e28570
  115. Ungpakorn R. Cutaneous manifestations of Penicillium marneffei infection. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2000;13:129-34.
  116. Jones PD, See J. Penicillium marneffei infection in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus: late presentation in an area of nonendemicity. Clin Infect Dis 1992;15:744.
  117. Sirisanthana T, Supparatpinyo K, Perriens J, Nelson KE. Amphotericin B and itraconazole for treatment of disseminated Penicillium marneff ei infection in human immunodefi ciency virus-infected patients. Clin Infect Dis 1998;26:1107-10.
  118. Kantipong P, Panich V, Pongsurachet V, Watt G. Hepatic penicilliosis in patients without skin lesions. Clin Infect Dis 1998;26:1215-7.
  119. Huang YT, Hung CC, Liao CH, Sun HY, Chang SC, Chen YC. Detection of circulating galactomannan in serum samples for diagnosis of Penicillium marneffei infection and cryptococcosis among patients infected with human immunodef ciency virus. J Clin Micro 2007;45:2858-62.
  120. Supparatpinyo K, Perriens J, Nelson KE, Sirisanthana T. A controlled trial of itraconazole to prevent relapse of Penicillium marneffei infection in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. N Engl J Med 1998;339:1739-43.
  121. Hung CC, Chen MY, Hsieh SM, Sheng WH, Hsiao CF, Chang SC. Discontinuation of secondary prophylaxis for Penicillium marneffei in AIDS patients responding to highly active antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 2002;16:672-3.
  122. Chaiwarith R. Charoenyos N. Sirisanthana T. Supparatpinyo K. Discontinuation of secondary prophylaxis against Penicilliosis marneffei in AIDS patients after HAART. AIDS 2007;21:365-7.
  123. Chariyalertsak S. Supparatpinyo K. Sirisanthana T. Nelson KE. A controlled trial of itraconazole as primary prophylaxis for systemic fungal infections in patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection in Thailand. Clin Infect Dis 2002;34:277-84.
  124. McNeil MM, Brown JM. The medically important aerobic actinomycetes: epidemiology and microbiology. Clin Microbiol Rev 1994;7:357-417.
  125. Lerner PI. Nocardiosis. Clin Infect Dis 1996;22:891-905.
  126. Marquez-Diaz F, Soto-Ramirez LE, Sifuentes-Osornio J. Nocardiasis in patients with HIV infection. AIDS Patient Care STDS 1998;12:825-32.
  127. Filice GA, Niewoehner DE. Contribution of neutrophils and cell-mediated immunity to control of Nocardia asteroides in murine lungs. J Infect Dis 1987;156:113-21.
  128. Holtz HA, Lavery DP, Kapila R. Actinomycetales infection in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Ann Intern Med 1985;102:203-5.
  129. Uttamchandani RB, Daikos GL, Reyes RR, Fischl MA, Dickinson GM, Yamaguchi E, et al. Nocardiosis in 30 patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection: clinical features and outcome. Clin Infect Dis 1994;18:348-53.
  130. Lucas SB, Hounnou A, Peacock C, Beaumel A, Kadio A, De Cock KM. Nocardiosis in HIV-positive patients: an autopsy study in West Africa. Tuber Lung Dis 1994;75:301-7.
  131. Long PF. A retrospective study of Nocardia infections associated with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Infection 1994;22:362-4.
  132. Kalb RE, Kaplan MH, Grossman ME. Cutaneous nocardiosis. J Am Acad Dermatol 1985;13:125-33.
  133. Aydingoz IE, Candan I, Dervent B, Hitit G. Primary cutaneous nocardiosis associated with intra-articular corticosteroid injection. Int J Dermatol 2001;40:196-8.
  134. Baracco GJ, Dickinson GM. Pulmonary Nocardiosis. Curr Infect Dis Rev 2001;3:286-92.
  135. Nenoff P, Kellermann S, Borte G, Horn LC, Ponisch W, Winkler J, et al. Pulmonary nocardiosis with cutaneous involvement mimicking a metastasizing lung carcinoma in a patient with chronic myelogenous leukaemia. Eur J Dermatol 2000;10:47-51.
  136. Kontoyiannis DP, Ruoff K, Hooper DC. Nocardia bacteremia. Report of 4 cases and review of the literature. Medicine 1998;77:255.
  137. Beaman L, Beaman BL. Nocardia species: host-parasite relationships. Clin Microbiol Rev 1994;7:213-64.
  138. Sartoris KE, Baillie GM, Tiernan R, Rajagopalan PR. Phaeohyphomycosis from Exophiala jeanselmei with concomitant Nocardia asteroides infection in a renal transplant recipient: case report and review of the literature. Pharmacotherapy 1999;19:1002-5.
  139. Smego RA Jr, Moeller MB, Gallis HA. Trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole therapy for Nocardia infections. Arch Intern Med 1983;143:711-8.
  140. Lerner PI. Nocardia species. In: Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R,editors. Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett’s Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. Vol. 2. 4th ed. New York: Churchill Livingstone; 1995:2273-80.
  141. Dalovisio JR, Pankey GA. In vitro susceptibility of Nocardia asteroides to amikacin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1978;13:128-9.
  142. Hironaga, M, Mochizuki, T, Watanabe, S. Acute primary cutaneous nocardiosis. J Am Acad Dermatol 1990;23:399-400.
  143. Geiseler PJ, Andersen BR. Results of therapy in systemic nocardiosis. Am J Med Sci 1979;278:188-94.
  144. Donisi A, Suardi MG, Casari S, Longo M, Cadeo GP, Carosi G. Rhodococcus equi infection in HIV-infected patients. AIDS 1996;10:359-62.
  145. Harvey RL, Sunstrum JC. Rhodococcus equi infection in patients with and without human immunodeficiency virus infection. Rev Infect Dis 1991;13:139-45.
  146. Muntaner L, Leyes M, Payeras A, Herrera M, Gutierrez A. Radiological features of Rhodococcus equi pneumonia in AIDS. Eur J Radiol 1997;24:66-70.
  147. Weinstock DM, Brown AE. Rhodococcus equi: An Emerging Pathogen. Clin Infect Dis 2002;34:1379-85.
  148. Sirera G, Romeu J, Clotet B. Relapsing systemic infection due to Rhodococcus equi in a drug abuser seropositive for human immunodefi ciency virus. Rev Infect Dis 1991;13:509-10.
  149. Magnani G, Elia GF, McNeil MM, Brown JM, Chezzi C, Gabrielli M, et al. Rhodococcus equi cavitary pneumonia in HIV-infected patients: an unsuspected opportunistic pathogen. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1992;5:1059-64.
  150. Vestbo J, Lundgren JD, Gaub J, Roder B, Gutschik E. Severe Rhodococcus equi pneumonia: case report and literature review. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1991;10:762-8.
  151. Macias J, Pineda JA, Borderas F, Gallardo JA, Delgado J, Leal M, et al. Rhodococcus or mycobacterium? An example of misdiagnosis in HIV infection. AIDS 1997;11:253-254.
  152. Mascellino MT, Iona E, Ponzo R, Mastroianni CM, Delia S. Infections due to Rhodococcus equi in three HIV-infected patients: microbiological fi ndings and antibiotic susceptibility. Int J Clin Pharmacol Res 1994;14:157-63.
  153. Cury JD, Harrington PT, Hosein IK. Successful medical therapy of Rhodococcus equi pneumonia in a patient with HIV infection. Chest 1992;102:1619-21.
  154. Diaz PT, King MA, Pacht ER, Wewers MD, Gadek JE, Nagaraja HN, et al. Increased susceptibility to pulmonary emphysema among HIV-seropositive smokers. Ann Intern Med 2000;132:369-72.

Developing a sustainable HIV, Viral Hepatitis and Sexual Health Workforce

Information

About ASHMFeedback
Glossary of TermsPrivacy Policy
AcknowledgementsDisclosure Statements

Acknowledgement of Country

We pay our respects to the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples of the past, present, and future, including the Gadigal peoples (Sydney office), the Turrbal and Jagera/Yuggera peoples (Brisbane office), and all First Nations people of the nations where we live and work.

ASHM Health | ABN 48 264 545 457 | CFN 17788 | Copyright © 2024 ASHM

Scroll to Top